The sophisticated robot, known as the Sample Transfer Arm or STA, will play a crucial role in the success of the Mars Sample Return campaign. The joint endeavour between NASA and ESA aims to bring back martian samples to the best labs in our planet by 2033.

The robotic arm will land on Mars to retrieve the sample tubes NASA's Perseverance rover is currently collecting from the surface. Able to "see", "feel" and take autonomous decisions, the Sample Transfer Arm will identify, pick up and transfer the tubes into the first rocket fired off another planet - the Mars Launch System.

Only after the robot closes the container's lid, the martian samples will be launched for rendezvous with ESA's Earth Return Orbiter (ERO) and bring the material back to Earth.

"Handling the precious martian samples and getting them ready for delivery on an extraordinary trip from Mars to Earth is an amazing feat," says David Parker, ESA Director of Human and Robotic Exploration.

Following a successful study and prototyping phase, the Italian aerospace company Leonardo will design, manufacture, integrate and test the Sample Transfer Arm.

"From its inception to the first moves on Mars, this robotic arm is a testament to the enormous amount of expertise and knowhow we have in Europe. The Sample Transfer Arm will be the helping hand that will take planetary science to a new level," adds David Parker.

A handy robot
The Sample Transfer Arm is a jewel-in-the-crown of space robotics. It is conceived to be autonomous, highly reliable and robust.

Its architecture mimics a human arm with a shoulder, elbow and wrist, and has its own built-in brain and eyes. The robot can perform a large range of movements with seven degrees of freedom.

A high level of dexterity allows the arm to extract the tubes from the rover, pick them up from the martian ground, insert them into a container and close the lid before lifting-off from Mars.

Two cameras and a myriad of sensors have a hand to decide the best course of action and coordinate movements accordingly. Challenges related to the harsh martian environment, such as the copious dust and extreme temperatures (-130 C/+70 C) will be taken into account while designing and building the robotic arm.

European industrial handshake
Today at the Farnborough International Airshow ESA signed a contract with Leonardo to design, manufacture, integrate and test the Sample Transfer Arm for the Mars Sample Return programme.

Leonardo is leading a European industrial consortium with companies from Spain, France, Romania, Denmark, Greece, Switzerland and the Czech Republic.

The Italian Space Agency (ASI) has supported the project since the beginning. "Our investments allow us today to affirm the leading role that Italy will have in the exploration of Mars and, in particular, in the Mars Sample Return programme," said ASI's president Giorgio Saccoccia.

"This contract reinforces our leadership in space robotics, an important technology for planetary exploration and orbital operations," said Gabriele Pieralli, managing director of Leonardo's Electronics Division.

The European companies involved in building the arm with Leonardo are AVS Added Value Solutions (Spain), ALTER Technology (France), COMOTI (Romania), the Danish Technological Institute (Denmark), EMTech Space (Greece), GMV Aerospace and Defence SAU (Spain), GMV Innovating Solution (Romania), Maxon (Switzerland), S.A.B. Aerospace s.r.o. (Czech Republic), and 3D PLUS (France). In the breadboarding phase, OHB Italia (Italy) developed the end effector and the mechanical ground support equipment.